V 


STUDY  OF  THE  RATE  OF  DISINFECTION  OF  WATER 


BY  CALCIUM  HYPOCHLORITE  I 

BY 

' 

I 

CARL  JOHN  LAUTER 

I 

B.  S.  University  of  Illinois,  1911 


THESIS 

Submitted  in  Partial  Fulfillment  of  the  Requirements  for  the 

Degree  of 

MASTER  OF  SCIENCE 

IN  CHEMISTRY 
IN 

THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL 
OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


1922 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2015 


https://archive.org/details/studyofrateofdisOOIaut 


lv.51:  

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL 

January- 1 92S_ 

I HEREBY  RECOMMEND  THAT  THE  THESIS  PREPARED  UNDER  MY 

SUPERVISION  BY Carl  Jolin  Lauter  

ENTITLED A STUDY  OF  TEii  RATJ  OF  DTSTTFKCTTnN 

3Y  CALCIUM  HYPOCHLOETTB. 

BE  ACCEPTED  AS  FULFILLING  THIS  PART  OF  THE  REQUIREMF:NTS  FOR 
THE  DEGREE  OF Lla  s t e r S n 1 ft  nn  ft  J-CL„Ch e m 1 s t.  r y « ^ 

In  Charge  of  1 hesis 

- ■ 

' Head  of  Department 

Recommendation  concurred  in* 

Committee 

on 

Final  Examination* 


*Required  for  doctor’s  degree  but  not  for  master’; 


(3  ) 


TA3Lj]  OF  COHTiiJMTS 


1. 

HISTORICAL: 

pages  4 to  8. 

2. 

SXPERIII3HTAL. 

A.  Concentration  change  of  Chlorine  in  water. 

Pages  8 -15  Taoles  I and  II 

3.  Effect  of  Dissolved  Organic  matter  on  rate 
of  change  of  Chlorine  concentration. 

Pages  15  - 18,  Tables  A.3.C.D.E. 

C.  Effect  of  Bacterial  Cells  on  rate  of  change 
of  Chlorine  concentration. 

Page  20.  Table  VII. 

P.  Effect  of  Air  Stream  through  solution. 

Page  22.  Table  VIII. 


E.  Death  Rate  of  B.Coli  with  varying  concen- 
tration of  Chlorine. 

Pages  25  - 36.  Tables  A - I . 


3. 

CORCLUSIOKS. 

Page  38. 

4. 

REFERENCES . 

Page  39. 

5. 

aci:no"/ledgment. 

Page  40. 


(4) 


HISTOHICAL. 

The  first  systematic  worh  on  the  disinfection  of 
water  asing  pure  cultures  of  "bacteria  were  performed  in 
1886  by  iiohert  Koch.  He  investigated  the  effects  of 
Sulphur  dioxide  and  Phenol,  the  then  popular  disinfectant 
also  demonstrating  the  great  disinfecting  value  of  Ller- 
curic  Chloride. 

In  1887,  Kronig  and  Paul  published  their  classic 
v/orh,  known  as  the  Garnet  Method.  They  used  cultures  of 
anthrax  witn  mercuric  chloride  as  the  disinfectant  reagent 
plating  a part  of  the  disinfected  spores  at  various 
intervals.  They  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the  disin- 
fection was  a gradual  process  and  could  be  expressed  by 
the  simple  equasion  ,n/n'  times  t/t’  equals  K,  v^here  n 
and  n’  vi^ere  the  number  of  survivers  at  time  t and  t’. 

In  1908  Henrietta  Chick  performed  a series  of  very 
exact  experiments  on  pure  cultures , using  mercuric  chloride 
as  the  disinfectant , with  the  following  conclusions. 

1.  That  a very  complete  analogy  exists  between  a 
chemical  reaction  and  the  process  of  disinfection,  one 
reagent  being  represented  by  the  disinfectant  and  the 
other  by  the  protoplasm  of  the  bacterium. 

2.  Disinfection  of  anthrax  spores  proceed  in 
ooedience  to  the  equasion  of  a monomolecuiar  reaction, 
where  numuers  of  surviving  bacteria  take  the  place  of 
concentration  of  one  reagent  and  the  disinfectant  the 


other 


r?) 

3.  Para  typhosus  shov/s  departure  from  this  Law  due 
to  differences  of  resistance  of  cells. 

4.  Power  of  disinfection  is  influenced  by  temper- 
ature in  the  same  manner  as  speed  of  a chemical  reaction. 
Phenol  gave  a somewhat  higher  rate  for  higher  temperature. 

5.  iixper iments  made  with  varying  concentrations  of 
disinfectants  using  similar  groups  of  bacteria  from  cul- 
tures of  para  typhoid  snowed  a definite  iogaritnmic 
relation  between  the  concentration  of  the  disinfectant  and 
the  mean  reaction  velocity  of  disinfection,  existing  in  the 
case  of  phenol. 

hone  of  ChicK's  work  dealt  with  chlorine  sterilization 
all  experiments  with  this  reagent  being  more  in  regard  to 
the  selective  action  of  dis infectants  toward  bacteria 
commonly  lound  iu  water. 

G.  Hilliard  came  to  tne  follov/ing  conclusions  in  lyl2. 

i..  Sterilization  by  calcium  hypochlorite  in  water 
is  very  rapid  at  first,  the  maximum  reduction  being  nearly 
complete  in  three  hours. 

2.  Of  the  organisms  studied  , P.Subtilus  is  tne  most 
resistant  , tnen  B. Anthrax;  followed  oy  tne  non  spore 
formers,  B.Coli,  Typhosus,  and  Prodigiosus. 

3.  At  least  1.5  parts  per  million  of  Chlorine  are 
required  by  spore  formersto  afford  a reduction  of  9y^ 
in  six  hours,  while  0.5  P.P.IJ.  is  enough  in  case  of  the 
non  spore  formers. 


k 


> # > 


r 


V* 


t 


*'  ’.i ' - 

ffaii 

^ V.'. . 


'3 


V 


> 


- » 


I 

< ♦ 


A 


it 


r .-• 


i i. 


* . I 


< 


>i'f,  . #''^'.ii.'‘J'" 


( 


1 r I J« 


j 


I 

^ •*  ^ • 


t 


,i 


? ;,  ,1 


r 


» ’•  t V 

> »i 


4 

i 


)•  , 

■ 


t’. 

‘ »> 


-■  : ' . 5»' 


(6) 


D.  - Investigations  in  lalDoratory  experiments  by 

Jos.  JULIES,  brought  forth  the  following: 

L.  Sterilization  acxion  is  not  instantaneous,  being 
retarded  by  low  temperature  and  organic  matter  in  the 
water.  Sterilization  varies  in  a general  way  with  the 
concentration  and  the  temperature. 

S.  Under  certain  conditions  oleaching  powder  is 
not  a true  sterilization  agent,  but  one  wnich  inhibits 
□acterial  growtn  in  culture  media.  Organic  matter  in 
form  of  broth  greatly  decreases  the  sterilizing  action 
of  Q reach.  Bacteria  reappear  in  water  where  no  organic 
matter  was  present  and  where  chlorine  added  was  oetween 
one  tenth  and  one  part  per  million  available  chlorine. 

B.  B Coli  disappear  oefore  water  oecomes  sterile 
and  do  not  reappear. 

E. “  Philbrick  carried  on  some  experiments  v/ith  tap 

water  to  which  ne  added  cultures  of  Ooli  and  Ilep-athar ium. 
His  results  showed  that  five  minutes  contact  had  about  the 
same  disinfectanx  value  as  thirty  minute  conxact,  using 
chlorine  in  ammounts  necessary  for  complete  sterilization. 
He  added  a brotn  cuixure  to  nis  water  samples  and  the 

I 

chlorine  was  no  douox  all  destroyed  at  tne  end  of  live 
minutes,  which  may  account  for  cessation  of  disinfection 
at  the  end  of  that  time. 


lijUi  .'•<K’a.*i  <^rf»nw 


m ** 


■ ' '■  ' 
'■  **  «•?  ' 


■ ■ r isi 


■>'V  . <A.'^  i-:^  '■' 


■' J-  t -'^ 


t a 


• < » ; p i ■ > : t't  j •■*  ' ’ , , ' ^ '■  ..i 


■...  S 


I n'l 


-Tf,  ’t'i^ 


. *ju>4;*4Avi>T‘ ^-* . 


Lv  ja  ^ ^ '♦  ’iS  i 


■ 


*'  ■' 

-i*«H  ,V^t  ' ' z\\.. 


m 


Ire.*’.;  s*JtVA\ 

' ■ ‘*3  " ' ' ^ J ' 


.'  T'li 


,JC  .* 7 J.  . : :-  ♦ k 

V •: wi o :*i.  ,%u,>.',  ^‘j  * r ■-:  0 


V7.  i!i 


»f>:Uu' 


«? 


t‘ 


' ' ^ 'r‘'4i 

■ ' ' ',  i-„  ■ ..;i  , ■ • 

V .*  ‘ r :« w 1 '■'  ' ^ ■■" 


..  - '■  *.  r.’  ' v’^-  , .' • •'fa 

^ , . Ji Ijj  J ffft  C'  < C'fU  . -4V  / 1 N ■ , '.  .-’I  i ,*•  *.  ■ •;  ^ ey'' 


m 


r.  %.•#.*.-.  r*'jT/r.V  _5^V' :y  ' 

• . XaW  *■« 

4k  1 ,—  . ^ kjAj 4/^:4..  .,  ..•*  >..-  _ ._  rijjlL  k.±  .A3^'  ir  • ~ :'.i  I4.  \'4_  .3m_. 


.*-  1 V 


’'«4r  - -jM 


■ikii . » ' 


•'.f^  &#:•  V.4  -t; 


.4 


I •»  , A 


, , ■■’ vfst^sk,,  v-:./SJ  **vM  kA"*,' 'ii'4 

■ w . ..  / - '^/Vo/,  .__.  i ' 

,ll!j 


.*  .ii'H  XF^ 

'.-’  'in-,  ij'ff  14A'  ' Vl^fHH||H_  ’ ■ - 

JtfsJ:*"''.  \>  ...  .- ■'hi»..4  _■»;  - 1. — L fa»  ' • V/ ■.;  ':  - 7T*™^!!5r 


}v 


m::'  .■  ■ ‘ : '• 

?s  • '-v  ^*>  ■ -P 

■ -feL'A  ;.:j  . .s;; ,.^ 

4.,  - . i'. :<7*’ ft'.;  ij'Bl 


; .*J 


y f0linp^ 


!f 


Ilf  • 


(7) 


F*-  Results  of  Westbrook,  Wnittaiier  and  MoJiIer. 

I.  Mississippi  River  water  treated  with  Large  ammounts 
of  caicium  hypochlorite  couid  noi  be  completely  sterilized. 
Predominant  organisms  remaining  after  treatment  were  found 
to  oe  spore  forming  hacilLus. 

Treatment  of  this  organism  in  pure  cultures  demonstrated 
great  resistance  to  this  chemical  di s inf ec tant , failure 
to  produce  complete  sterility  ueing  a logical  result  after 
disappearance  of  Free  Chlorine. 


■ * ' 
J . .'» 


■ ‘ ' .4  ' piy  T’*-  j 

I ■■• ' , , t >J,^s»y  An/i  ) ik(^, ;i\H-  •; ci-ti6E^^  » *5 

*/v".;.-'’  • . -r'/r:  :-"V  •:/'■■  ..A  -■ 


” ';'*■  . rv.,,.v.  " '■•  '-^..*"1^;^ 

■’.  ' , f jii3^v9litc^‘ii*  j>S»fie1;a4i<oV 

V ■■  - -ir  vi'^i  ,_‘C  >';* '^ 

J<jliX^<»Jf  B riv  1 ?1C- ';.  W |J 


.»H 


. . *■' 


>v 


• 4 . - t 


• V,.,  t(i 
1 


• ^1 


■ :A.  . 


• r*  .“vivi 


c., 


- v...-^^■>•:^  ■•vjp*  ^ 1 

V V'  '•  .‘-  i'  :■  ■»/$#'  ■'  i 


•# 


: ■ ' "'"'V  ' J 

>.'  ■ ,t  ■•  r ir';:-;'j;  ' **,  . y'*'*-'-'*'  ■ ■ 7.-^  ^ '■f 

'■  •■  ■'  '■  ■ n' V-.V;,V:;'4.''V 

. '•-' .>4l'  • '■  •'  >■  ' ■ -a?.-.'Jf ' -■•  -.‘"'iV-iW  :i-liii 

■'  ^ 

.:  VV--V^V,'  />v ‘5yV^^^‘V4i’: '<» 


Vi'-J 


(b) 

The  purpose  of  this  worK  is  to  study  tne  death  rate 
of  oacteria,  in  this  case  bacillus  coii,  using  varying 
concentrations  of  Chlorine  with  calcium  nypocniorite  as  the 
disinfecting  reagent. 

However  oefore  proceeding  with  the  worh  on  oacteria 
a numoer  of  experiments  were  made  on  the  rate  of  disappear- 
ance of  chlorine  in  v/ater , using  varying  concentrations  of 
chlorine  on  thesarae  water  at  same  temperature;  also  effect 
of  definite  amiaounts  of  dissolved  organic  matter  on  rate 
of  disappearance  of  free  chlorine. 

Tne  quantity  of  chlorine  added  to  waters  tested  v/as 
generally  less  than  one  part  per  million,  and  the  amraount 
of  free  chlorine  at  various  time  intervals  was  determined 
color imetricaily  wioh  or tho-toludine . 

To  insure  accuracy  in  regard  to  the  ammount  oi  chlorine 
added  to  water  in  each  specific  case,  the  reagent  solution 
of  calcium  hypochlorite  was  standardized  before  each  run 
against  a two  hundredth  normal  solution  of  sodium  triio- 
suifate,  and  number  of  grams  of  free  chlorine  per  cuuic 
centimeter  thus  determined. 

The  calcium  hypochlorite  solution  was  also  auout 
two  hundredths  normal;  containing  about  .0002  grams  of 
free  chlorine  per  cubic  centimeter. 


I 


t..:, 


a 


.^CJVi 


Y 4 


t 

»'.  f C'r  -'OO*  :"ki  l,!)*te*/. 


•l'**f.l^  -'Tfi"..'*  ^fr 


■f  V ,:vfVif^v.« 


(9) 


In  tne  first  run  as  snown  in  Taoie  I ,ten  Liters 
of  distilled  water  was  used,  oeing  placed  in  a paraffine 
lined  metal  cylinder,  surrounded  by  a stream  of  water  at 
lb  degrees  , contents  oeing  constantly  stirred  oy  a 
rotating  paddle. 

From  table  I it  will  oe  seen  that  upon  introduction 
of  tne  calcium  hypochlorite  solution,  there  was  a sudden 
drop  in  the  aramount  of  free  cnlorine  from  .230  to  . l&b 
parts  per  million,  tne  latter  figure  beinp-  determined 
imtmediately  after  introduction  of  the  bleach  solution. 

This  sudden  drop  was  present  in  every  case  following 
and  greater  in  tap  v/ater  and  in  tnose  waters  containing 
the  dissolved  organic  material,  as  will  be  observed. 

In  plotting  the  curves  to  snow  the  loss  of  cnlorine 
tne  ammount  called  "initial  free  chlorine"  was  this  ammount 
determined  immediately  afer  introduction  of  tne  oleach. 

Values  of  K were  determined  using  the  following 

formula:  K = Log.lJ  - Log.]^’  ; where  H is  the  initial 

t - t’ 

concentration  of  chlorine,  W the  concentration  at  time 
t ' . 


_L0- 

TABLE  1 

Addition  of  0.E30  parts  per  miLLion  Chlorine  to 

ten  Liters  of  distilled  water  . Temperature  16® 

C. 

time  in 
minutes. 

i’ree  Clp 

P.P.M. 

Log.  cone. 
Cl. 

K. 

Log.N-Lop  IV 
— 

\ 

0. 

.156 

2.194 

- - - - 

20. 

.130 

2.115 

.00395 

1 47. 

.104 

2.017 

.00376 

. 

CO 

.088 

1.945 

.00320 

' 110. 

.073 

1.864 

.00300 

140. 

.057 

1.757 

.00312 

170. 

.005 

1.699 

.00291 

230. 

.025 

1.399 

.00346 

£45. 

.025 

1.398 

.00325 

260. 

.014 

1.146 

.00400 

290. 

.010 

1.000 

.00410 

.0034  7 

-ISsic'TS-iJr.^.t  n r=a--.;r-07crK7«e«iafc- 


V 


I 

I 


► 


♦ ! ' 


•rsujr-^na — j.' 


i 


1 


(12) 


The  next  series  of  taoles,  i.  2.  and  3 were  made 
with  three  samples  of  city  water,  running  all  of  them 
tnru  at  the  same  time  and  under  similar  conditions. 

Seven  hundred  fifty  cubic  centimeter  flasks  were  used,  con- 
taining five  hundred  cubic  centimetrs  of  water  in  each  case 
and  the  three  coxicentrations  of  free  chlorine  added  being 
1.0,  0.5,  and  0.25  P.P.M.  respectively. 

This  was  added  to  the  water  in  five  minute  intervals 
in  order  to  give  time  to  make  a determination  of  tne  ammt 
of  free  cnlorine  immediately  after  introduction  of  the 
above  ammounts,  same  being  determined  with  O.Toludine. 

In  each  case  there  was  an  initial  drop  in  the 
ammount  of  chlorine  as  in  tablel,  and  roughly  proportional 
to  the  concentration  of  chlorine  added. 

The  values  of  K,  calculated  as  before  do  not  show 
the  same  close  agreement  as  in  the  proceeding  table  where 
distilled  water  was  ysed.  This  is  no  doubt  due  to  the 
organic  and  mineral  content  of  tap  virater. 

Curves  for  this  run  are  shown  on  platell,  following. 


Analysis  of  University  water  supply. 


Ions 

P.P.M. 

Hyp.  Combinations 

P.P 

Potassium 

2.6 

Potassium  Nitrate 

1.1. 

Sodium 

29.0 

Potassium  Chloride 

2.9 

Ammonium 

2.3 

Sodium  Chloride 

3.5 

Ilagnesium 

34.9 

Sodium  Sulfate 

3.  6 

Calcium 

70.1 

Sodium  Carbona:t3-e 

60*5 

Iron 

1.0 

Ammonium  Carbonate 

6.1 

Aluminum 

1.3 

Magnesium  Carbonate 

121.2 

nitrate 

.7 

Calcium  Carbonate 

175.2 

Chlorine 

3.5 

Iron  Carbonate f ous  ' 

2.1 

Sulfate 

2.3 

A luraina 

2.5 

Silica 

18.9 

Silica 

18.9 

. ..V  : -s?' 

' s'i  t‘  W ■ ^w^^v.^-tAaI  I Mm  VI 


iL,' 


i ,.  :y<;<^f  v‘i  v^k!3  • •' -'■■*\'  ‘1  ‘n  ','''■  7.  v^iW 

k-’.  P.', 


^:’’’'^  '’■  itJSli  ‘ Jt  1.'  t - 


» sr»' 


*.  'X. 

^ '■■•'.  ■■/  !■  • ^..  V,\g 

; • V ^ Jin  .j£^tt tniit:.;<;>,  ■ii4'  /^/Vto ! .»,ij>l4P. ; Hi^JL'!<®[.“4:>'.i 

•f*  .«..  ._«...  I.  1 . / .,,  J^iyvi 


r ft  f ‘ » ->  ■'  - > .'-ii^^-'  t ' '?  *'-*it%..  ^ \ *'f^-  ' Wfl' 

. t«®i  ' tt-ijnr T V ol'rfoo  ^ 


1 * - '-  ‘ *■  ^ ■'■-■;  cX'-  •’.  >■  ■ - Av -•' 

’l'  ■■■  . i , .-  ■'  ■ ‘ 'i3t  *V,V'  t J ‘ ,f  , " ‘ \'%  '_.  I. 

' • * T.  # <\  A i ^ r.  . . * i m,jn^  iV  J.Mftr%  Ji  < ^ d/  U A u ^ > 


>^jf,  ha^] 

9-v  . -ir 


* - ' . ■?*nio(i  *>  - .‘.j-n,  ciu  #-cf,.!j  /,'  ',  X 

r-  •,  ••  ..<  , :.v  ' ■"•'  ''.  •'  >»'i  f ■'.  •.  ..■  jK'*  I’  ... 

f "'X;  ‘ .'  '.1  ■•ri;''  ' .%■ : ^ V.  :.^ 

fV'lfiitv^.-ixu  dtctxB  vti-vr'i^  jU  pji.f  't>ii ’ ■■  mBk^ 

■ ' " ■ ‘*r' T'  ■ ■'• 

, ■>.“  ,.*•  ' ■■VffS?v*«», . ■ ■ • 'litt'ilTOc'  ■'••*^A*^4ttl'». 

’ t y--'  *,'■»  n'  ! 

< I. . f I . . A .i.  • ..  ^ > _f^  _ . 'ai ':  i^'Zr>j‘ ‘ vu ,.  v :i.t' 


'j 


* ^ ♦ "^'  ’ ■ ' I * I ■''  ' ‘ '4  ‘ ' 

.e-i  , t.V  .,'••/  V j'  J<i:i  ii^^'frl'tiimtii,  6rO&9^i  y‘ 

-*.■''■■  ...>4'  ,'**#^-<:  ’-** 

<-i  , . ■'»*,>'  ' /■c:#!'  ;':  V;'‘^ 

. rw  V w ft  # ^ . jt  i „•  i H ^ *S]*^  f 


f-  j I ■ . " ' ^ . . ..,»i  f • ' f, 


^Qth 


' * *■’’  ' -■'•r’', ' V ' •;■  ■'  y:  ' J.* " ■' • 

i, ^ ^ . ' ''  ^ ^ i<?pi  5 

* ' “' ’X ^ ,•'- - .^ '-^ ■ ■ -■  ,.«k ' *■ ; :\kW, jIm., ‘‘i-  ^ 

li^"  »«*  * ' •'  ^Vi  ( ' 'U  Y C * ' *'' ■ * ju 


’ •'p-<(^'*-‘-  kjUidJibetft'  ‘MJ”  u‘r  4^^'ixj 

' ■ ■ ■•  ■ ■'■  >■'  ,r\ 


blVifli 


K - . X : ^-f  ^Sl&* 


y i 


''fc' 


... 


-13- 

Tables  showing  the  rate  of  disappearance  of  5’ree  Chlorine 
with  varying  concentrations  of  Chlorine. 

fl) 

Chlorine  added:  1 

.00  P.P.M. 

Time .minutes. 

P.P.M.  Cls 
found. 

Log. cone.  Cl 

K. 

0. 

.668 

2.826 

• ““ 

36. 

.516 

2.713 

.00322 

135. 

.589 

2.591 

.00174 

17E. 

.318 

2.503 

.00187 

210. 

.282 

2.450 

.00178 

(2) 

Chlorine  added:  0 

.500  P.P.M. 

0. 

.329 

2.517 

- - - - 

17. 

. 256 

2.409 

• 00635 

37. 

.195 

2.291 

.00611 

52. 

.172 

2.236 

.00521 

00 

-a 

. 

.143 

2.156 

.00415 

117. 

.102 

2009 

.00434 

172. 

.077 

1.887 

.00366 

216. 

.062 

1.793 

.00335 

257. 

.056 

1.749 

.00300 

(3) 

Chlorine  added  : 0.250  P.P.M. 

0. 

.122 

2.087 

- - - - 

17. 

.092 

1.964 

.00727 

37. 

.072 

1.849 

.00618 

52. 

.016 

1.786 

.00580 

00 

-a 

. 

.052 

1.717 

.00413 

126. 

.047 

1.673 

.00329 

192. 

.036 

1.557 

.00276 

1 


(ib) 


In  order  to  determine  the  eifect  of  organic  matter 
upon  the  disappearance  of  ±ree  chlorine,  a series  of  sagar 
solutions  was  prepared  using  concentra tions  of  twenty, 
forty,  sixty,  eignty,  and  one  hundred  grams  per  liter  in  one 
liter  samples  of  distilled  water,  each  concentration  run  in 
triplicate . 

■ The  ammount  of  chlorine  added  was  the  same  in  each 
case,  the  object  of  this  particular  run  being  to  determine 
if  any  relation  exists  betv/een  concentration  of  sugar 
and  initial  drop  of  free  chlorine. 

From  taole  I it  will  oe  seen  that  the  ammount  of 
free  chlorine  found  in  like  concentrations  of  sugar  solutioxi 
agree  very  well  at  the  end  of  the  five  period  of  contact. 

From  the  taole  belov/  it  v/ould  seem  that  the  loss  of 
chlorine  in  parts  per  million  Dears  a direct  relation  to 
concentration  of  dissolved  organic  matter. 


Grams  Sugar 

Loss  Free  Chlor 

Liter • 

P.P.M. 

20 

.1000 

40 

.228 

60 

.345 

80 

.406 

100 

.604 

,''  II  -Ii  i%t4  ^-'k. 

If- -''^  '\5» /fiir’  iX.  ^ 

- \'V  -■  . ■;•  ' ^■  ' -'■'  .,,/v-si;  V,  ■.•.^;:^^  ’ • ®"'^.  * ■^'.  *^''  '^/-'SST^  'r 

'X(i.  .^iat.^^4^J'’4i<.'ii<jf.‘' 

* V.  r-  ■ .-'ll  ',i^it«.<  " ' Wi-'  liM.i  ’'  " ■■  " ''*.'  ’*‘'j‘#l 


r-y;’mk^nl 

'.  Ci.\.  . •:  ‘ . ■'  . ...  ■ i'  .'  ■ ."•.  . * , ^'-  ' • ii* 

(*t  >-  • ; . ; .»  -r\.  1 7* 


/ •■^- 


■ TvVV. .,  ■•■■■■  ■•^^^^  ' 'V;.« 

S''  . " • . ■.,  -,jU^-  •■  'JP?f:'  l.;  . ; V:fc  re  ■:  "f f-  ■.■..V: 

■,  -*o'’  ^■''‘‘'J  '.i?!  ,»*.*■•  A- 


•:  ■ , I. :-^L  • i^.., . ..,  ..  ■ ' 


■ f T ■ 'A  - ’.KXL  \ • alft*— A ‘yrj.v 

i t.  V r.  'T>. V '■■ 

’!  ■'  1 Vi‘\.|^'^ *'■  ■■■' v ' '.  y ,'•■■ 

( ■ Ll'A' ~ ,/:  r^ 

. ■fe.^lrjVr  v.  .X'*Jrr  ^ 


h% 


•fe'Wj 


' ~>" -J  t'  ii'  ’ *'  *i:  ^ ^ .'|  ■?'•»;- *r^Aa^fc  ^aimt.  'i  ',  \L 


-L6- 

Tables  showing  the  effects  of  varying  ammounts  of 
concentrations  on  Loss  of  Free  Chlorine, 

Distilled  ,/ater-  One  Liter  samples  - Temp.  19,® 

Five  concentrations  ,run  in  triplicate.  ( 1-2-3-4 

Sugar 

C. 

-5-6] 

Grams  Sugar  per  Liter 

.000 

.000 

.000 

(1)  Chlorine  added-P.P.M. 

,660 

.660 

.660 

Free  Clg  found  P.P.M. 

.610 

.610 

.610 

Grams  Sugar  per  Liter 

20.00 

20.00 

20.00 

(2)  Chlorine  added-P.P.M. 

,660 

.660 

.660 

1 Clg  found  in  2 min. 

.510 

.510 

.610 

1 Grams  Sugar  per  Liter 

40.00 

40.00 

40.00 

l{3)  Chlorine  added  -P.P.M. 

.660 

• 66  0 

. 66  0 

Clg  found  in  2 min. 

.382 

.382 

.382 

I Grams  Sugar  per  Liter 

60.00 

60.  oO 

60.00 

(4)  Chlorine  added  -P.P.M. 

.660 

.66  0 

. 660 

Clg  found  in  2 min. 

. 255 

.255 

• 255 

Grams  Sugar  per  Liter 

80.00 

80.00 

80.00 

(5)  Chlorine  added  -P.P.M. 

.660 

. 660 

• 660 

Clg  found  in  2 rain. 

.204 

.200 

- - 

Grams  Sugar  per  Liter 

100.00 

100.00 

^0^  Chlorine  added  -P.P.M. 

.660 

.660 

Clg  found  in  2 rain. 

• 038 

- - - 

(IV) 


Table  VT  following  carried  the  preceeding  experiment 
thru  a long  range  ot  time,  making  deter minations  oftne 
free  chlorine  at  these  time  intervals. 

Similar  volumes  of  one  liter  of  distilled  water 
with  four  concentrations  of  sugar  solutions  were  used  as 
before,  namely;  2o,  40,  60,  and  bO  grams  per  liter. 

Here  again  there  is  evidence  of  a loss  of  free 
chlorine  proportional  to  concentration  of  dissolved  sugar 
after  the  short  interval  of  five  minutes. 

In  each  case  the  value  of  the  constant  calculated 
by  previously  stated  formula  shows  a constantly  decreasing 
value,  but  indicating  an  index  for  the  speed  of  reaction 
for  disappearance  of  the  chlorine.  It  is  not  a case  of 
a monornolecular  reaction. 

Table  VIII  follov/ing  shows  the  effect  of  the 
addition  of  a loop  ui  oacterial  cells  after  a time  inter- 
val of  nineteen  minutes,  showing  the  sudden  drop  in 
chlorine  concentration  immediately  after  the  introduction 
of  the  bacteria,  as  compared  to  a blank  in  which  the 
original  chlorine  added  was  the  same,  but  no  bacteria  added 
at  nineteen  minute  period. 


^ 3(:''''  '.i  "i'  .-■  -■  > '■' 

" ^':  % liij-  . ' '■  .^-s»  ■■^'  , 'f  • " 

^ ASl’  ' ^ Q '^  '\  ' '^’ ’ 

' > t » ' "^  ■'  n ■ " 

' . - / ft  jui^'/U  aso'ix 

.'‘■'.:<l'  . • *:.'ii,v.  - -y  ■ a,il,.<L.'-  . .j .* ' ‘ '« 


vv 


•i'. 


1 - *r,iv  r a !•  : /*’  ea|‘#<;  «h  « anrc;/<-9  Icf  ?;>  i tiSaf* 

J %*,  > •♦•.  •'  '-V.  ■ ■..  1*  ‘ • ,-■•  •••■'•■;  .'-^Jiv  -A^^''. 


i’# 


^ ^ ^ ^ 1 i-r  » j 


l^« 


»?;■  fw.t  i'l'u  . ' ■-»■<.  * 


. : -A 


^'<'a 

fcvM;’  ’ 


'^1 J A.'  ' , ,■ 


■■-':r 

f'r:--sr-vn 


?r  »#^:- 


*-tgy:**;‘'''*?ir»-t'^y'7''>t>-.fr‘*|*t*i>,|f.Ma^^  t,"*tii*tixvyj0^jy»ywyLy»y  ^,|pt«>#'^l*»i>i!t*|yt» 


-18- 

Sables  A.  3.  C.  D. 

Tables  shov;ing  effect  of  varying  Sug.ar  concentrations  on 
dissapearance  of  Chlorine  over  longer  periods  of  time. 


Grams 
Sug/L.  0. 

1 o 

O 

-B- 

20.00 

O 1 

. o 

00 

-I 

60. 

00 

— "3— 

80. 00 

Time 

rain. 

Clg 

ppm 

K. 

Cl? 

ppm 

Cl? 

ppm 

K’  ’ 

Cl? 

ppm 

jr  1 1 1 

Cl., 

ppm. 

0. 

1.240 

1.240 

1.240 

1.240 

1.240 

5. 

1.200 

.002 

.958 

.0217 

.758 

.0420 

.506 

.0571 

.379 

.1022 

20. 

1.010 

.0042 

.500 

.0195 

45. 

.800 

.00415 

.405 

.0107 

.304 

.180 

.0185 

.180 

.0185 

110. 

.708 

. 002C 

.328 

.0052 

.189 

.0073 

.138 

.0086 

.138 

.0086 

140. 

.643 

.0020 

.288 

.0045 

.150 

.0065 

.110 

.0074 

.110 

.0074 

170. 

.227 

.126 

.055 

• 055 

I 

h 

Showing  loss  of  Chlorine 

after 

first  period 

of  5 minutes 

1 

i 

i 

1 

. 

5. 

.000 

.242 

.442 

.694 

.821 

i 


■^1  -V-  «.i*-ii-^il«-3ijldw^ 


7 ' 


y^r''‘  t't: 


■ 7i'  ,.  ' < 

■ ' ' .'  ■ r 


m 


. i .< 


■..^C  i ^ ■'  T Ml  - rue ; ■ . .' 


•j  <• 
}.  :> 
^i* 


<*» 


/:,;i 

I-,.  -4'(  r.itifii ^-' 


,e; 


'■iM 


tl 


,■'  utf 


’ ;;  I _ 0. 
V,'''  'Of 


■ '1 


-i»— 

' .'JS» 


I ;*:■:•■ 


^ ■ ■!?«> 


. J'  'i 


L.. 


^ [ 


-':  i’ 

.i  • 


, t-s 


• ' % 


t * ' ! 

I. 

■■  ‘M  ■ ' 

. \ \ \ n 


i 


I'  - 


• • 


r- 


...iL. 


^ :.xi*c ' r 


1 7 


'■  ■< 


l y ■■:. 


; n; 


y. 

< ,•  '■  » 


li> 


■<>'J 


v'.  .,;•'  •,  •;■  «;•'•■•„  . .•■'  ••;.«C-.4iv 


( 

1 


-20- 

Taole  VII 

Showing  influence  of  addition  of  Bacterial  cells  to 

reduction  of  r’ree  Chlorine. 

Volume ; 500  c.c.  Distilled  water 

. Temperature 

20°C. 

Chlorine  added;  1. 

24  P.P.M. 

(1) 

(2) 

Time  min. 

Chlorine 

Chlorine 

M. 

K' 

P.P.M. 

P.P.M. 

0. 

1.24 

1.24 

; 1. 

1.14 

1.14 

.0000 

.0000 

20. 

.957 

. .957 

.00379 

.00379 

30. 

.708 

.885 

.00689 

.00366 

50. 

.667 

. V84 

.00476 

.00325 

. 

o 

00 

.456 

.759 

.00499 

.00221 

110. 

.360 

.682 

.00454 

.00203 

140. 

• 

• 632 

• 

.00184 

Taoles  1 and  2 v/ere  run  under  similar  conditions  and 

exactly  parallel  up 

to  nineteen  minutes,  at  which  time 

one  loop  of  B Coli  was  added  to  ho.  1 , nothing 

being 

added 

to  ho.  2. 

Tests  for  T’ree  Chlorine  were  continued  as  shown  by 

time  intervals  . 

-22- 

Table  VIII 

(1)  ilo  air  thru  solution. 

(2)  Passage 

of  a stream  air  thru  solution. 

Volume:  One 

liter,  distilled  water. 

Temperature 

20. °C. 

(1) 

(2) 

(1) 

(2) 

Time  rain. 

Chlorine 

Chlorine 

K 

K’ 

P.P.M. 

P.P.M. 

No  Air 

Air . 

1. 

.736 

.736 

- - - 

- - - 

15 

.576 

.576 

.00714 

.00714 

30 

.552 

.414 

.00416 

.00830 

45 

.391 

.00591 

60 

.506 

.345 

.00271 

. 00565 

75 

.285 

.00557 

90 

.391 

.230 

.00300 

.00561 

105 

.368 

.184 

.00285 

.00  574 

150 

.300 

.092 

.00260 

.00600 

IbO 

.283 

.083 

.00242 

.00520 

210 

.276 

.073 

.00201 

.00486 

Sample  L,  where 

air  was  passed  thru  shows  an  almost 

constant  value  for  K' ,as  in  Table  I; 

the  Chlorine  being 

mechanically  removed  , 

hydrolysis  of  hypochlorite 

pr oceeding 

at  a constant  rate. 

s.. 


. I 


0 


r 


I 


i ' . 


:r 


f- 

1 


, “ * ■ I '?  I..  ' 

r- 


- ' - if 


/ 


/ 


\ 


r • 


f 


(24  ( 


Section  2. 

In  the  next  series  of  tables  and  carves  an  effort 
was  made  to  study  the  gradually  decreasing  concentration 
of  bacteria  after  definite  time  intervals  v;ith  varying 
conditions  and  ammounts  of  free  chlorine  to  begin  with. 

Bacillus  Coli  was  chosen  as  the  organism  for  all 
of  xhe  runs  and  a pure  culture  wasfirst  ootained,  then  taking 
all  possible  precaution  to  keep  the  strain  as  nearly 
constant  as  possible  , by  making  24  hour  transfers  on 
agar  slants. 

In  making  the  innoculation  to  the  water  samples 
no  medium  was  added.  J-n  each  case  about  two  and  a half 
liters  of  water  was  sterilized  at  15  pounds  for  a half 
hour,  and  allowed  to  cool.  'I'his  was  innoculated  with  a 
24  hour  old  culture  by  addition  of  one  loop  of  coli  from 
the  agar  slant.  i^’rom  this  flask  it  was  poured  into 
sterilized  flasks  up  to  a five  hundred  c.c.  mark,  the  proper 
dilutions  made  and  plated.  This  gives  the  original  or 
initial  number  of  cells  before  addition  of  bleach. 

A definite  ammount  of  calcium  hypochlorite , the 
same  solution  as  used  in  preceeding  experiments,  was  used 
as  the  source  of  the  available  chlorine ,, making  pre- 
liminary titrations  as  before  to  determine  the  strength  of 
the  bleach  . 

■^fter  addition  of  chlorine  the  flasks  were  given  a 

slight  rotating  and  shaking  motion,  and  samples  plated  at 
intervals  of  one  minute  after  introduction  of  chlorine. 


' f/^vV  v'^.'  ..VI 


PN*. 

’ ^ ' ' ‘ ' ■^' :■■'' ‘'I  ■ V '''  -'ijA*  '''<2!i 

►a'J  i’"  ‘^y.  Aft  f 


I-.’  lift  t<^ 


•f  ' 


3i? 


» . 


.V 


itB*' 


■ I Vi  a«'X^4<l . "jcei -h^w  ■ O'^  ' f»c  f «MS|.  aa 


..  ‘ . i c lyf' ij’b.viOD'/ei  '^'ff  ■■jils'.U-f%i&:^’^^  ,:rf 


r<  ■ ;■■' 


r 

^4 


V..;.; 

'"'•t 

^0 


'.nti 


U.  j<-?.*xr  i gusv  . 


■ >vi  ■*  •‘:.' 


, , **  I • '•■•■  ■•■  . _.  ■ ■ »■'  ' ••  ‘r^ »>'*'■.•  ■':*'>  .•  ^ .>..  '^.'■.•»_Y^.^- j.  ',-,'<®' _.:»tr'-  ■ 


' 1 


. IV' 


,i5vx.  ' V*H';j’  -'''  ,■  - ^-Wf  vt 

■MlfiL  a4rt^:IMiw  '■ 


ST'(^^‘-. 
fi'  ¥ 


• . ' . ...  ' *,^‘’’'!|'**  I ■■  (’  ' ' . - ‘ ' i'*' ■ ' 


. ' I ’ * •^  ' ' • , - ‘ • 

•I'V'  ;.«1-  ■ S...  ■ ‘■.  ' ■,,^.  L‘'j 


-*•‘•1 


i ' .- 


^ ■»f  , . *'  , ^'-.:'!.x  ' , ^:'YTwi  > 


■ ’13,  ,'  . ^ ' ' ,%'  V' 


^mm  al, 

.'i^J  ' in  I i-  • « ^ . 


Vi 


-25- 

TabLe  .A, 


Chlorine  added:  0.250  P.P.M. 

Volume  water  : 500  c.c.  Distilled. 

Innoculated  with  24  hour  3.  Coli. 


Temperature 


Time  min. 

3acter ia 
surviver  s 

1. 

10100 

1 2. 

5400 

o. 

450^ 

4. 

3800 

5. 

2500 

7.5 

1500 

10. 

400 

15. 

70 

20. 

18 

25. 

8 

20  ° C. 


LogD-Logl'l  ’ 

t -V 

remova 

.000 

.136 

49.0 

.114 

55.0 

.106 

62.0 

.123 

75.00 

.110 

85 . 5 

.140 

95.5 

.143 

98.0 

.137 

99.3 

.124 

99.8 

(27  ) 

Tables  3 and  C were  ran  simuLtaneoasIy  asing 
0.36  andO.24  parts  per  million  of  chlorine  respectively. 

In  3 at  the  end  of  15  minutes  there  is  practically 
the  same  redaction  as  in  C at  thee  end  of  20  minutes,  the 

time  required  in  these  two  series  being  practically  propor- 
tional to  concentration  of  chlorine  , for  a 98%  removal. 

r’rom  the  curve  it  will  oe  noted  that  there  is  a 
rather  sudden  drop  in  bacteria  concentration  upon  the  addi- 
tion of  the  reagent,  then  a lag  in  disinfection  ammounting 
to  a practical  standstill  for  a certain  time,  followed  by 
sudden  increase  in  rate  of  death,  after  which  the  reaction 
proceeds  more  gradual  and  without  any  irregularity  to 
practically  complete  sterilization. 

It  is  further  noticible  that  the  lag  period  for  the 
0.24  parts  per  million  concentration  is  about  8 minutes,  and 
for  the  0.36  parts  per  million  is  about  5 minutes  or  just 
about  inversely  to  chlorine,  concentration. 

In  both  series  3 and 'C  the  excess  of  chlorine  which 
might  remain  in  solution  was  destroyed  before  plating  by 
the  addition  of  a drop  of  II.  10  sterile  sodium  thiosulfate 
to  the  petri  dish.  The  sodium  thiosulfate  has  no  action 
on  the  growth-of  colonibs,  as  original  counts  before 
adding  bleach  gave  the  same  number  with  or  without  the 
thio  sulfate  added  as  above. 


ll-L-fcHi  v:^.'~i|>.*^<.''t.i< PgQfe  I ?t'ir>.-sfti^->.;.4t.-j»i.c 

r^' 


'.’■^iv---s!!*!S<i/'Vi  i-Qi  JO-J^  i<i  VSiliiit' xViJ-' StiO'; 


.'"'  \V  . tV’.'T'W 

!^y.' ■_*').  *■  >.  ' .,1  /f  ^ "i  * 

•■'L/ • ■;-  ncUMrhz  . 

LAIc  ’ * . * j>  ; * ■ . ® ■*,  ■ ^ 


■1 


I*  ‘i 


H ' ‘ six  1 


‘v'  *’■’■”  *.  'V  , •■'  *^Q iTciJ’ii*: ^ 

h'  •■  ■’  '■  ‘V  ^^■•^"^^ 

Mt.  -t»V  ‘2bf'r;T<-<i  ri»i'  V 


ftP.  V^4’^V6jfe-tV  'f.;'tlf4’'‘Mi  T ^ i J I Ifr'  nfe -6;  T X£j(l  ^^-  hT-  ^ 


'^-- 


t:  ■ '■  '^  »*  • ■ .'‘^ «'  jr-v'4''  , '■  V'  • ■•''  , .'  ■ .>^'^'  vj y. 

_ : .®7m-  Ui  r<o y/i'o4^'4r.'^  ^/;-  ;iijK 

I;.  ■ I,  i.  V • ' V ■ ' 'fc ' ' >'-.’*•  *"  ■ 5 • ' ^ <*’.^-  ^ ■ .■•  V ' '■,■.•  'M,  i"  ,'■  '3h 


•K  < 'f 


fr,  -.. 


■ ^C. 


."  ' ': ‘C«T >1^.1  ♦ 'i  . ^cy 

J' 


V'  ■ ■-. 


^Jt'f^ipd<^ 


ki  ' . ',Wvi;4  >:.>•:  f a .y.  'HirpiiF'-  .;.,•  iVAw-f^ 

r;  ■ 1 - ' :.’j 


( B ) 

Chlorine  added: 
0.360  P.P.M. 

-28 

Tahles 

3 and  C 

( c ) 

Chlorine  added  : 
0.240  P.P.IJ. 

time 

surv ’ rs 

K 

% rem'vl 

time 

surv’ rs 

Z' 

rem’ vl 

min 

min. 

0. 

16000 

0.0 

0. 

18000 

0.0 

1. 

12500 

30.6 

2. 

10800 

44.0 

3. 

12000 

33.33 

4. 

LOOOO 

44.0 

5. 

10000 

5. 

9800 

.0000 

44.5 

6 . 

12000 

33.33 

8. 

5500 

.084 

45.5 

9. 

4300 

.0894 

69.1 

10. 

12500 

.0000 

33.33 

10. 

4000 

.0789 

77.5 

11. 

9600 

.1150 

46.70 

12. 

7650 

.107 

55.4 

13. 

5760 

.112 

68.6 

15. 

317 

.0490 

98.6 

14. 

4570 

.109 

75.0 

15. 

2810 

.129 

84.5 

20. 

350 

. 1552 

98.0 

25. 

130 

.1322 

99.0 

30. 

55 

.1178 

99.7 

-30 

- 

Tables 

D and  S 

( D ) 

f S ) 

Chlorine:  0.500  P. 

P.M. 

Chlorine ; 

0.500  P.B.! 

tiiriE 

sur ' vr s 

K. 

% rem'vl. 

time 

sur ' vrs 

X' 

% rem'vl 

f 

0. 

17000 

0. 

17000 

2. 

10100 

1. 

14000 

17.5 

4. 

9150 

.0672 

3. 

13400 

.034 

6. 

11000 

.0331 

35.0 

5. 

12000 

. 0303 

29.0 

" 8. 

11000 

.0236 

35.0 

9. 

12000 

.0167 

: 10. 

7400 

.0361 

13. 

11500 

.0131 

1 16. 

6400 

.0265 

19. 

10400 

.0114 

39.0 

20. 

7200 

• 

59.0 

24. 

5400 

.0207 

68.0 

30. 

2200 

.0296 

87.0 

29. 

2760. 

.0272 

84.0 

35. 

1100 

.0337 

94.0 

36. 

840 

.0357 

95.0 

40. 

240 

.0462 

98.0 

39. 

520 

.0389 

97.0 

45. 

230. 

.0413 

98.5 

44. 

160 

.0460 

98.0 

Tables  0 and  2 v/ere 

run  simultaneously  , using 

500  c.G, 

of  tap  water  and  twelve 

hour  cultures. 

In  table  no  thiosulfate  was  added 

to  the  petri 

dish  in 

plating  ,to  neutralize  the  chlorine  that  may 

remain 

: while  in 

E one  drop  of  thiosulfate  was  added  as 

in  all  previous  runs. 

it 


-32- 

Tables  F and  G. 

Chlorine  added: 

0.780  P.P.I.I. 

Chlorine  added: 
0.780  P.P.IJ. 

bac  ter ia 

E. 

bacteria 

E'. 

time 

sarviv 'r£ 

removal 

time 

surviv 'r 5 

! 

removal 

■ 0. 

14000 

0. 

11500 

.0000 

1. 

10240 

26.7 

2. 

9300 

.046 

4. 

9600 

.019 

16.6 

1'  5. 

9860 

27.5 

6 . 

10900 

' 7. 

10240 

30. 6 

8. 

8340 

.019 

19.8 

9. 

9700 

40.5 

10. 

8340 

.014 

19.8 

11. 

7360 

42.5 

12 

7700 

.015 

33 . 0 

13. 

7080 

42.5 

14. 

6060 

.020 

47.4 

15. 

6400 

54.2 

16. 

4230 

.021 

63.2 

1'/. 

2630 

83.2 

19. 

1580 

88.9 

20. 

2650. 

.026 

77.0 

21. 

1200 

91.5 

23. 

500 

96.5 

24 

1700 

.034 

85.5 

29. 

250 

97.8 

30 

1380 

.031 

87.5 

34. 

150 

99.2 

35. 

830 

.032 

92.5 

39. 

100 

99 . b 

40. 

780 

.029 

93.4 

Tables 

F and  G were  run  Simultaneously  on 

500  c. c 

. samples 

of  tap  water , F 

was  unfiltered  and 

G 

filtered,  after  being  boiled  to 

precipitate  Iron. 

Samples 

v/ere  innoculater!  with  12 

hour  cultures 

(33) 

and  plated  at  intervals  of  two  rainates. 

igain  we  have  the  sadden  initial  drop,  followed 
by  a lag  period  and  then  a secondary  drop  or  second 
disinfection  period, 

I'liVci  calues  of  h calculated  as  before  we  find 
that  the  rate  of  dying  is  about  the  same  as  in  tables 
B and  G,  where- .500  P.P.LI.  of  chlorine  was  added  to  the 
tap  water. 


fso.  ,,,  — 

r' ••T\fi 


.■S' 

'> 


If  ■■■^i'r'-^>^^->-'%  -ktM^v^’jm 


1 ■'; 


•.'  'n 
' i‘ 


! TJJ 

\'  - '7  ' 


' \ ■ ' ’ <»  '■'■  ' ' •'’fi  tWif 

*V,  ‘ • ,qiO'Tb  X'aW^adi  vrf*V6^‘‘«U»si^vL®  ;:^ 

fr’W  . • ’ '"  ’ ■ ! ^ ;■  vSSS&i'A  .>}A'#.' ..  V^,  • /X'&  \ vS^ijk' 

Jv  >.r  .^i^/'<ioo.4Jfc».  ft  iW;v« 

“ixj  . ’.■'  ' * »'/..r**vj^’  'r  ■■  'V  NjMflc.?  ' 


],it  '’((i^f  *i^l>5i^ 'r^a<»'  ealif 

' Tm*  ' * ■ 


■V*  V’V 

* 1.  5.  , ^V 


■ cr  ,.v  '■  ;.|fe 

• j*  ' rlrW'-™  ' ••"  '^‘  vik.  « ' • t ' ■ 'T^lW«riW^M 


r;  i 


tt  ■^•‘•';  |:,.,--f; ” ,■:&;  ;.,;Q . ^ 

. fc;'  .,  ■:•,• ",  ■' '^  ■■?••': , /. 


■'  i 


pj-./  ■'•;?:■  V ' A* 


-ij.  If 


m ik  ^ ■■tj'.”  ■.[  ■ ^USH-  'T*-' ^ 


•v"*^  #:  '■  ' i4,»'<v’  I&  Vv  »r  F \ ■.',  <'?4  J ^ W--7yK^  W,.  .‘v‘ 


• -Jr  i o^  »7raTJ7u 

...»<  ,V/7  . 


“ir®^'.£ic5iS  -7  -SaISi&S. 


• - 


I 

I 

i 


j 


1 

j 


(H) 

Chlorine  added: 
0.150  P.P.I/I. 

-35- 

Tables  H 

and  T. 

Chlorine  added: 
O.EOO  P.P.M. 

bime 

surv ’ r s 

K. 

% 

time 

surv ' r s 

K’  . 

r-'l 

min. 

removal 

min. 

removal 

0. 

£1580 

0. 

23800 

I. 

15000 

.156 

30.5 

1. 

5160 

.664 

77.2 

i 

11200 

.0471 

47.7 

1'  L6. 

3440 

.0664 

84.0 

21. 

1800 

.0514 

91.5 

22. 

1100 

.0605 

95.4 

- 26. 

1800 

.0414 

91.5 

27. 

672 

.0574 

97.0 

• 

to 

680. 

.0416 

97.0 

41. 

783 

.0351 

42. 

415 

.0418 

97.8 

46. 

480. 

.0359 

97.8 

47. 

200 

.0440 

99.2 

55. 

80 

.0485 

99.7 

1 

rabies  H and  I were  run  simultaneously  using 

appr oxamately  the  same  number 

of  bacteria  per  c.c.  but 

with 

tv/o  concentrat i ons 

of  chlorine. 

It  will  be 

seen  that 

the  same  percent  reduction 

after  36 

minutes  in 

the  . 15  P 

.P.M. 

sample  is 

about  the 

same  as 

the  27  minute  reduction  of  the  .20 

P.P.M.  sample;  or  exactly 

inversely 

proportional  to  concentration;  as  was  true 

t 


t 


•f 


» * 


-56- 


in  the  case  of  Tables  (B)  and  (C)  at  98  percent  reduction. 


r 


(38) 


CONCLUSIONS. 

L.  The  addition  of  Chlorine  to  distilled  water  is 

followed  hy  a sadden  drop  in  the  initial  concentration 
of  Chlorine  and  the  rate  of  disappearance  is  rather 
constant,  following  closely  a logarithmic  equasion 
expressing  a monomolecular  reaction. 

2.  Organic  matter  in  solution  causes  a great  increase  in 
initial  drop,  the  decrease  at  the  end  of  first  five 
minutes  being  roughly  proportional  to  the  amraount  of 
organic  matter  in  solution. 

3.  Bacterial  cells  behave  in  a similar  manner  to  organic 
matter  in  causing  initial  drop  in  chlorine  concentra- 
tion, with  a constantly  decreasing  value  in  speed  of 
reduction  as  determined  bjr  K. 

4.  Aeration  at  atconstant  rate  removes  the  free  chlorine 
at  a constant  rate,  causing  disappearance  to  proceed 
at  the  same  rate  as  at  beginning. 

5.  Death  of  bacteria  is  rapid  at  first,  with  a lag  or 
cessation  of  disinfection  after  about  five  minutes, 
then  followed  by  a second  increase  in  disinfection  to 
about  a 98  percent  reduction,  after  half  an  hour  to 
forty  minutes  but  without  complete  sterility  after 
one  or  two  hours. 

6.  The  rate  of  disinfection  cannot  be  assumed  to  follow 
a simple  exponential  law  as  expressed  by  the  monomol- 
ecular or  law  of  adsorption,  altho  there  is  some  rela- 
tion to  exponential  values. 


X‘7i  T?.  sfc'f  ' '■”'V  %•■■'*■• 

'TU 


1 


■ ■ ■ ' 'Slf 

' ' •/ :: 'ii:^/ XC*!-' 


Si 


"f 


;^i 


if: 


V>' 

•?l 


' sSi  'iNjtO'i'Oni  t^A»t>V'  : kite  >,|JJ^V(V:.  ‘-t. •'•;'? 


.-,;i  v;.V'  ;;.'^V/'' 


A ‘ 


r* 


rtviiiii  asiiit 


t^A»c>v' \ kite>teJSv(v' 


'ki. 


%■  ^4-m'  oj  AiiSiPvw^  ‘ s'' 

!&'..jjia-  • ■ . > , • ■ "■'  >;.  a'* V\?;r.‘i7"  , 

f ; “ . , -• ' ■■■  \. ' . •'  ■ ■ ■ . V V : ti  • ;Vw/4-  ■ '^4' f ^ 

. ■ ' •*'  , ' ’ .'■'•y,-  '.  -M'fyW'  .■  ••‘'  S,‘  ' 0'  ;<'*■%  - ■ f;V'^  V.: 

r / 'Vot >' j'fv, 

. r-  <.'*'^>11  ct#(  4> ' '■  v.-'.J''  1 V® * V* 'f # 

■;••  III  *<‘1^ > y>, 

- .'V  ' \ ^ 


'■il 


'■'V*  *'j 


■i 


i!l 


' ' I • ■ -•  t , 


•<r^i 


/atj 


rm; 


'm 


>.,  ':  > >>^>C%  ', r.  -' .5A^''4 iiufe? 


tf-v'.  *>■.'•  'A  \fU> . ' ■" ' •••■.  ■ • /.  -i  ■ '■  :.»v  »'•  ;v  • • , u6®iSi 

. ' ; ' ■■•r,' .,  .oj'  ip'CA'  »f«5  ;^i.  *..:  *.•-.»'  cs 

||.  ;»  ..  li  i.  A , t . ■ • • \.  5^  »•  .;  4 ..■«.•■.  Vi  - 'f  ■•'!.  ■■.'■•  y 


,i»-i 


•fi'- 


1 


.i\ 


-AT 


.^3 


.V 


*:a 


(3^ 

HEF3RFBCES. 

A, 

Kronig  and  Paul 

Journal  of  Hygiene. 

B. 

Henrietta  Chick 

Journal  of  Hygiene  Yol  YIII 

C. 

C.M. Hilliard.  College  of  City  of  Hew  York. 

Society  for  Experimental  Biology.  Ho.  9. 

1912. 

B. 

Jos.  vV.  Films.  Cincinnati  Ohio. 

Engineering  Hews  Hecord.  Yol. 63  P.  471. 
Effect  of  hleach  on  bacterial  life  in  water. 

B.  Philbrick.  San  Francisco  Cal. 

Engineering  Hews  Record.  Yol.  65. 

Sterilization  action  of  bleach. 

F. 

F.F.  Yestbr  ook  & H. A.  vYhittaker  . Minneapolis  I, linn. 

Journ.  American  public  Health  Association. 
Resistance  of  certain  bacteria  to  bleach. 

G. 

Hoyes  /s?.A.  and  Yhitney 

Lewis’  System  of  ph:/sical  chemistry. 
Investigati on  of  velocity  of  dissolution. 
7eit.  Physik.  Chem.  Y.23  P 689. 

H. 

J.M.Helson  & vV.C . Yosbu^g.  Columbia  University. 

Journ.  American  Chem.  Soc.  Yol. 39  P.790 

Kinetics  of  -‘•nvertase  action. 

I. 

Determination  of  small  ammounts  of  chlorine  by 
ortho  toludin. 

J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.  Yol. 6 P.  553 

J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.  Yol. 5 P.  915-1030 

J. 

University  Bulletin  Ho  5 

Bulletin  State  Water  Survey,  p 34. 

. V 


V 


' I . 


?r  “it 


V 


' ■ \ 


. -'’j 

1 : 1 7. 


'1 


. tclrt-d.lc  j‘i 


f i. 


*S  Q:,  ■;  I oj  tiif  '/J-  ! i',  ; S Vi  „l ; I 


■ '4  ' 

. ■.•,  *4 ' 


lljlljL 


This  work  was  hegan  under  the  direction  of 
Professor  Edward  Bartow,  and  completed  Later 
under  supervision  of  Professor  1,  M.  Buswell. 

llany  vaLuahLe  suggestions  were  also  given 
hy  Dr.  H.  E.  Greenfield. 

I v/ish  to  take  this  opportunity  to  express 
my  appreciation  and  thanks  for  the  interest 
shown  in  this  work  by  these  gentlemen. 


